Reflow soldering is the most common form of attaching surface mount components to printed circuit boards (PCBs). To minimize oxidation on the soldered surfaces, some ovens perform the reflow phase under a blanket of nitrogen (N2) to ensure an oxygen-free environment. This process further reduces defects in the product. Monitoring the oxygen allows control of the N2 feed to ensure product quality and also a saving on gas consumption. Either zirconium-oxide or galvanic electrochemical sensors can be used to measure the O2.
The solder paste is applied and then the pcb is subjected to a controlled heating and cooling profile to minimise defects. There are generally distinct phases or zones in the oven each with a distinct thermal profile; pre -heat, (thermal) soak, reflow and cooling (see below), sometimes the ramping up time of the temperature is also controlled. The PCBs travel along a conveyor belt from one end to the other passing through each zone. Ceramic or infra-red heaters (or a combination) are commonly used to radiate heat to the solder. The term “reflow” is used because the solder is melted and then is heated again and re-flows. Modern systems do not always need to cool the solder and reheat, but simply make sure the re-flow temperate is surpassed in the process. It is critical not to heat the components past a temperature that will cause damage.
Zirconia
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Electrochemical
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