A Zirconia oxygen sensor uses zirconium dioxide to measure oxygen levels in gases across a range of 0.1% to 100% O₂. It’s ideal for combustion, emissions, and industrial application
Optical level switches provide precise monitoring of liquid levels, offering repeatable long life switching and control. The ability to detect from 1mm of liquid touching or leaving the sensor to trigger the switching output provides fast accurate control.
Optical sensors are versatile and can be used with a wide range of liquids, including clean and clear liquids, as well as those with suspended particles or bubbles. They are suitable for applications across various industries, from pharmaceuticals to food and beverage production.
Yes we offer a range of Intrinsically Safe level sensors for use with potentially hazardous liquids.
Optical sensors offer sub second response times, providing real-time data on liquid levels for quick decision-making and process control. This fast response is particularly beneficial in dynamic environments where liquid levels fluctuate frequently. Optional firmware variants allow for sloshing liquids and prevent false indications.
Optical sensors typically require minimal maintenance compared to other sensor types. With no moving parts to wear out or mechanical components to adjust, optical sensors offer reliable long-term operation with little to no maintenance required.
Optical level switches are often easy to install and integrate into existing systems. They can be mounted internally or externally to the tank or vessel, eliminating the need for complex installation procedures or modifications to the container.
Optical level sensors come in a wide range of housings to make them compatible to most acidic or alkaline liquids as well as hydrocarbon or plant based oils. With versions suitable for drinking water and pharmacopeia approvals our level switches are used in many industries.
Optical sensors can be easily integrated with remote monitoring and control systems, allowing for remote access to liquid level data. This capability enables operators to monitor liquid levels from a distance, enhancing efficiency and safety.
When in the air, the infrared light inside the sensor tip is reflected back to the detector. When in liquid, the infrared light is refracted out of the sensor tip, causing less energy to reach the detector.
Measuring hydrogen purity is crucial in various applications, such as fuel cells, semiconductor manufacturing, and chemical processing. Impurities can significantly affect the handling and the performance and lifespan of hydrogen-powered systems. Our analyzers ensure the highest level of purity for optimal system performance.
Our analyzers use advanced sensor technology to accurately and reliably measure even trace amounts of oxygen and moisture in hydrogen. The technology varies depending on application needs, including electrochemical sensors for oxygen measurement, and quartz crystal and ceramic metal-oxide for moisture measurement.
Our analyzers are designed for precision, durability, and ease of use. They feature our latest technology, customizable configurations to suit specific applications, and robust support and maintenance services. Both for superior sampling and measurements.
Yes, our systems are built to withstand challenging industrial conditions. They are encased in rugged housing and equipped with features to handle high temperatures, vibrations, and other harsh environmental factors.
Our analyzers are designed for easy integration with existing infrastructure. They come with various communication interfaces and can be configured to comply with existing plant control systems.
Our analyzers undergo rigorous calibration and testing procedures. They are equipped with self-diagnostic features and calibration routines to ensure consistent accuracy and reliability over time.
We provide comprehensive support including installation guidance, operational training, and ongoing maintenance services. Our team of experts is available for remote and on-site assistance to ensure your system's optimal performance.
Safety is a top priority. Our analyzers and systems are designed with various safety features, including explosion-proof components, SIL capability and fail-safe operation modes. They comply with relevant industry safety standards for hydrogen environments.
Next to measuring oxygen and moisture levels, we provide solutions for multi-component hydrogen purity measurements. Please contact us for more information regarding your specific needs.
Please contact us through our website or directly via phone or email. We can arrange for a detailed product demonstration and provide a customized quote based on your specific requirements.
The water activity can be measured using a measuring device or measuring head (e.g. HC2A-AW or AwEasy), which uses a PT100 temperature sensor and a capacitive humidity sensor (WA-1). First, the sample is placed in a sample carrier. A measuring head is then positioned over the sample container (WP-40) to create a microclimate and wait for equilibrium to be reached. The capacitive humidity sensor in the measuring head measures the relative humidity in the microclimate of the sample container. The temperature and relative humidity data are used to calculate the water activity of the sample. The result is shown on the display of the measuring device (e.g. HygroLab), which then generates a report.
The water activity (aw) is a unit that denotes non-chemically bound or free water in a substance. It indicates the relative humidity of the vapor phase of a sample. The water activity ranges between 0 and 1, where 0 stands for no available water and 1 for pure water. It influences stability, microbial growth and chemical reactions in food and other materials. Controlling water activity is essential for maintaining product quality, safety and shelf life.
Typical applications of water activity measurement include quality control in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and materials science. In the food industry, for example, water activity is measured to determine the shelf life of products and to control the growth of microorganisms, which helps to ensure food safety.
The results of a water activity measurement are interpreted on a scale from 0 to 1 aw, where 0 aw stands for no available water and 1 aw for pure water. A value close to 0 aw indicates that the product is dry and little or no water is available for microbial growth. Products with a water activity below 0.6 aw are generally stable and have a low susceptibility to microbial growth. Water activity values between 0.6 aw and 0.85 aw provide optimal conditions for the growth of yeasts, molds and some types of bacteria. Products with values above 0.85 aw are susceptible to the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as salmonella and can pose a risk to food safety.
Rotronic water activity meters are the first choice for anyone who needs an accurate measurement of water activity. Our devices feature high-precision capacitive sensors that ensure reliable and consistent results. In addition, Rotronic offers competitive prices that make our devices accessible to a wide range of users without compromising on quality. Furthermore, our extensive product range covers almost every application and offers customized solutions for various industries. Whether in food production, pharmaceuticals or materials research, Rotronic offers the ideal combination of affordability, accuracy and versatility for measuring water activity.
Measuring water activity is of crucial importance, especially for quality control in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It enables the evaluation of the microbial stability and shelf life of products. By controlling water activity, companies can prevent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts and molds, which helps to prevent product spoilage and maintain product safety.
To carry out your own water activity measurements, you can use a HygroLab as a display unit with a HC2A-AW water activity measuring head, for example. First place the sample in the sample container with the WP-40 sample holder with a PS-40 disposable container to avoid cross-contamination. Then place the HC2A-AW measuring head on the WP-40 sample holder and seal the whole unit to create a microclimate in the sample holder that enables the measurement of water activity. This airtight space enables accurate measurements as no external influences can affect the results.
The various methods for measuring water activity have their own advantages and disadvantages. With Rotronic's traditional water activity measurements, which involve waiting for equilibrium, the advantage lies in their ability to deliver accurate and reliable results by capturing the actual moisture equilibrium in the sample. This allows for precise assessment of microbial stability and product shelf life. However, this process can up to almost a hour depending on the sample and environment, resulting in longer measurement times. In contrast, Rotronic's AwQuick measurement offers the advantage of a rapid measurement within 5 minutes. This enables quicker analysis of samples and faster decision-making regarding product quality and safety. However, the drawback of this method is that it uses a mathematical approximation to predict the final water activity without waiting for the actual equilibrium. This may lead to slight deviations from actual values, especially with samples exhibiting complex moisture profiles.
The accuracy of water activity measurements can be influenced by various factors. These include the stability of room temperature during the measurement, as temperature fluctuations can affect the measurement results. The presence of outside air in the microclimate surrounding the sample can also lead to inaccurate measurements, as it can alter the moisture distribution within the sample. The quality and cleanliness of the sample chamber or measurement container are important, as impurities or residues can affect the measurements. Calibration and maintenance of the measuring device also play a crucial role in the accuracy of the measurements.
Water activity measurements are vital in the development of new food products. They aid in enhancing the shelf life and stability of products by controlling microbial growth. By measuring water activity, food manufacturers can precisely monitor and regulate the moisture content of their products to ensure they meet desired quality standards. This is particularly crucial in the development of dry foods such as snacks, baked goods, and dried fruits, where low moisture content is essential for prolonged shelf life. Moreover, water activity measurements can help optimize the texture, flavor, and sensory attributes of foods by influencing moisture distribution within the product.
Yes, water activity measurements can be used for the validation and monitoring of food preservation processes. By monitoring water activity during the preservation process, manufacturers can ensure that the desired microbiological safety standards are met. Adequate preservation aims to inhibit or slow down the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and yeasts to ensure the shelf life and safety of the food product.
Water activity measurements can be utilized to predict product stability and spoilage by providing insights into the environment where microorganisms can thrive. A low water content (low water activity) inhibits the growth of microorganisms, thus slowing down food spoilage. Therefore, water activity measurements can be used to determine if a product is susceptible to microbial spoilage.
Rotronic water activity measurement devices are known for their user-friendly design, specifically engineered for easy handling. Samples are placed in dedicated probe chambers, with the measurement head positioned on top to create a microclimate conducive to measurements. Subsequently, the samples are inserted into the device, which precisely measures water activity within minutes. With intuitive operation and automated processes, Rotronic water activity measurement devices allow for efficient and reliable measurements without extensive training or complicated preparations. This makes them an ideal solution for laboratory and industrial applications requiring quick and accurate water activity measurements.
Water activity significantly affects the shelf life and safety of food products. Low water activity inhibits microbial growth and enzymatic activity, thereby extending shelf life and enhancing safety by reducing the survival of pathogenic microorganisms. Conversely, foods with high water activity are more susceptible to microbial spoilage, shortening their shelf life and potentially posing health risks.
There are 2 main types of Rotronic transmitters. One with a fixed sensor and one with a replaceable sensor. These transmitters usually come as 2 and 3/4-wire and sometimes also as digital version (with RS-485). Depending on the requirements in terms of accuracy and measuring environment, there are different transmitters that can be used.
The primary function of a transmitter is to transmit data. In the case of measurement transmitters, the device captures data using a probe or sensor, converts this data into an interpretable signal, and then transmits this signal. This allows for centralized monitoring, data logging and controlling other devices based on the transmitted information. Modern instruments can transmit data via wires (wired transmitters) or using radiofrequencies (wireless). In this blog we are only discussing wired transmitters.
There are multiple factors, which need to be taken into account when selecting a transmitter like: What is the primary application? (e.g., HVAC, industrial control, high-temperature environments) What is the budget for initial investment vs. long-term maintenance? Is flexibility in probe performance a priority? How critical is accuracy for the application? What is the expected frequency of calibration and the associated costs? Can the application tolerate maintenance / calibration downtime?
The electrical signal generated by a capacitive sensor is usually very small and must be amplified and conditioned for accurate measurement. Transmitters typically use analog 4-20mA signals because they are resistant to interference. Some prefer digital signals, such as Modbus, which is suitable for connecting multiple devices on the same network.
When installing and using transmitters, it is important to ensure electrical safety and that the transmitter is installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Environmental safety aspects should be considered to protect the sensor and transmitter from damage caused by moisture, dust and other contaminants. Safe installation is also required to avoid potential hazards from physical impact.
There are many ways to connect a transmitter to an automation system. Most often this is done with the help of a PLC, usually with a 4-20mA signal or digitally via Modbus.
In order to protect the sensor and transmitter from performance degradation caused by moisture, dust and other contaminants, safety aspects should be considered. Safe installation is also required to avoid potential hazards from physical impact.
Humidity sensors measure the humidity or water content in the air or other environments. The most common types and how they work are listed here: Capacitive humidity sensor These sensors measure the change in capacitance between two electrodes as the relative humidity varies. Between the electrodes is a thin film polymer which reacts to the humidity. These sensors are accurate and stable and are therefore the most commonly used type of sensor. Resistance humidity sensor These sensors measure the resistance between two electrodes. The resistance changes depending on the moisture content, allowing the moisture value to be determined. These sensors are less expensive but less accurate than capacitive humidity sensors. Dew point sensor These sensors determine the dew point at which moisture condenses from the air. They can work in different ways and observe the condensation point or by optical measurement on a cooled mirror. The sensors are very expensive and are designed for applications with the highest accuracy of humidity measurements.
The capacitive humidity sensor consists of a hygroscopic dielectric material (polymer), which is placed between a pair of electrodes and forms a small capacitor. Most capacitive sensors use a polymer as the dielectric material with a typical dielectric constant of 2 to 15. The polymer used reacts with the water vapor particles in the room and a humidity value is generated with the evaluation electronics.
Communication and data transfer are often still carried out in analog form. The trend to switch to digital solutions is on the rise, as digital processing has several advantages: - Digital sensors provide precise measurements and are less susceptible to signal distortion - Digital communication means that power consumption can be reduced and accumulators and batteries last longer - Cost-efficient integration into existing systems
Rotronic humidity sensors are among the most accurate sensors on the market and achieve an accuracy of up to +/- 0.5 %rH at room temperature. Humidity sensors are often not exposed to laboratory conditions, but to everyday conditions in which we do not have clean air and other gas mixtures are present. These gas mixtures can have an influence on the measuring accuracy. Rotronic AG - A PST Brand is the only industrial humidity sensor manufacturer that can provide its customers with a pollution list with concentrations of various gas mixtures.
Digital sensors provide more precise measurement readings because they are less susceptible to analog signal distortion.
There are various methods for calibrating and adjusting a humidity sensor: Calibration and adjustment with calibration box and humidity standards -> Beginner Calibration in air: Despite its apparent simplicity, calibration in air can be difficult, mainly due to temperature gradients. In order to correctly calibrate and adjust the temperature measurements provided by a probe, you must be able to meet the following requirements: Both the probe and the reference thermometer should be supplied with the same flow of air. The pre-fitted filter caps used to protect the sensors should be carefully removed from the probe. The air velocity at the sensor should be within the limits of 200 to 500 feet/minute (1 to 2.5 meters/second). Any comparison between two instruments with a velocity below 200 feet/minute may not be valid. Air velocities above 500 feet/minute may damage the unprotected humidity sensor. The temperature of the air stream should be virtually constant. Calibrating and adjusting the humidity If possible, calibrate and adjust the probe at a temperature of 18 to 25 °C. During calibration Avoid exposing the probe to high humidity (60% relative humidity and above) for a prolonged period of more than 30 minutes. The use of a humidity generator is probably the fastest method for calibrating and adjusting the humidity at several values. When using a humidity generator for calibration, ensure that the samples are immersed as fully as possible in the generator to reduce the influence of room temperature on the humidity sensor.
Communication and data transfer are often still carried out in analog form. The trend to switch to digital solutions is on the rise, as digital processing has several advantages: • Digital sensors provide precise measurements and are less susceptible to signal distortion • Digital communication means that power consumption can be reduced and accumulators and batteries last longer • Cost-efficient integration into existing systems
Wireless data loggers are very easy to install at any location, as no additional cables need to be pulled and the location can be changed quickly if necessary. Wired data loggers, on the other hand, guarantee secure and fast data exchange.
Rotronic data loggers are able to record several parameters simultaneously. These include relative humidity, temperature, ambient pressure, differential pressure and CO2
The measurement data can be read out and analyzed very easily using the free HygroSoft software. HygroSoft makes it possible to select a time window in which, for example, alarm values were exceeded and generate a report from this.
Using the data logger in accordance with the operating conditions enables error-free use over several years. Depending on the application, the sensors must be calibrated and adjusted periodically.
The storage capacity depends on the selected model. Depending on the set measurement interval, a data logger can record data for up to 3 years.
The configuration and analysis of the data is carried out with the HygroSoft software. HygroSoft is available free of charge.
Rotronic data loggers are very robust and stable. They have proven themselves on the market over several years. Proper use and periodic calibration/adjustment make Rotronic data loggers indestructible
Select a location for the measurement that is well representative of the ambient conditions. Make sure you are close enough to the device under test to avoid temperature fluctuations. Do not place humidity sensors near sources of heat or moisture. Avoid areas near air outlets, exterior doors and windows, and walls that are exposed to strong sunlight. Ensure that the air around the sensor can flow freely. Some wall-mounted sensors can emit heat. You should therefore carry out the measurement underneath these sensors. Avoid heating the hand-held measuring device with your hand or breath so as not to falsify the measured values. Give the temperature sufficient time to stabilize. Note that a temperature deviation of just 1 °C (1.8 °F) can cause a difference of 6 % in relative humidity. Graphical displays are helpful to monitor stabilization, the additional function with trend indicator helps to avoid situations where moisture or condensation could settle on the sensor or sample. A damp humidity sensor will not give correct readings.
The battery life depends on various factors, such as the operating temperature, selected logging interval or permanent backlighting. In general, the more the device is used, the faster it needs to be recharged. Depending on the quality of the rechargeable battery or battery used, 20% of the original capacity of the battery may be lost after just 500 charging cycles, which can lead to a short operating time. To extend the battery life, you should pay attention to energy-efficient use, switch off the device when not in use or put it into sleep mode, determine a consistent time interval when logging (do I really need a reading every second?) and pay attention to the ambient temperature.
Handheld measuring devices can be found for a number of applications and various industries. For example, a hand-held measuring device can be used for field calibrations (samples and transmitters in the field), as a calibrator with a reference sample. Another common application is spot checks, where the hand-held measuring device is placed as close as possible to the sensor being compared. Whether in incoming goods inspection, in the laboratory or in the field, a handheld enables a wide range of functionalities and applications.
This depends on how the hand-held measuring device is constructed. Battery-operated devices usually have a cover on the back of the device that can be opened to replace the battery. In the case of hand-held measuring devices with a rechargeable battery, it may not be possible to replace the battery when it is exhausted.
As humidity measurement is temperature-dependent, temperature fluctuations can lead to falsified humidity data. Therefore, the sensor of the hand-held measuring device should be connected and the device should be given sufficient time to adapt to the conditions. Other factors that can influence humidity include air currents, wind, heating and air conditioning systems. Mapping can help to create the right location for a representative measurement result. As the sensor is close to the operator, it is important to ensure that the operator does not touch the sensitive sensors or influence them with their breath. Finally, contamination (air pollution) such as chemical substances can also influence the humidity readings.
Hand-held measuring devices are usually easy to use and self-explanatory. A hand-held meter typically has a 1-point or multi-point adjustment function, where the reference values must be entered. Depending on requirements, calibration can be carried out using a calibration box and the salt solutions, or with a HygrogGen humidity and temperature generator up to ISO 17025 calibration in our own SCS laboratory. If the hand-held measuring device has two sample inputs, the values of the reference sample can also be overwritten by the other sample.
A distinction must be made here between the possible measuring ranges with the sensor connected and the operating temperature range of the power supply used. In the case of a lithium-polymer accumulator, the operating temperature is limited to -20... +60 °C, but the measuring range of the sensor is not affected by this. The industrial sensors from Rotronic AG are equipped with 2 or 5 meter cables so that the hand-held measuring device can be easily distanced from the heat source and the temperature range from -100 to +200 °C, 0...100 %rH can be covered.
Calibration is the comparison of an instrument against a reference. The reference should itself have calibration traceable directly, or in multiple steps, back to an authoritative standard. This is known as measurement traceability.
Calibration improves measurement confidence, enables entities to meet regulatory requirements, enables traceability and provides additional data about the sensor (like drift, repeatability and errors when compared to the reference). It is a vital part of instrument maintenance.
The most common approach is calibrating both the relative humidity and temperature circuits of the device. This is done by using a calibration chamber (like Rotronic's HG2-S) which generates required humidity and temperature conditions. Relative humidity sensors can also be calibrated at ambient temperature and can be achieved by using either saturated or non-saturated salt solutions or humidity validators.
Rotronic's HG2-S and HG2-XL calibration chambers are designed to create the precise humidity and temperature conditions. The chambers are fully sealed, ensuring that any variations in humidity within the chamber are solely due to temperature fluctuations. Humidification is achieved through a water reservoir, while a desiccant system is used for drying. Both the HG2-S and HG2-XL models are equipped with an ISO17025 calibrated control probe, which serves as a reliable calibration reference.
Some of the contributors to the uncertainty budget include reference error, resolution, and thermal gradients. Calibration facilities dedicate significant effort to reducing these uncertainties to enhance accuracy. For in-house calibration departments, the primary source of uncertainty often lies in the reference instrument and the calibration methodology employed.
Accuracy and Precision: The accuracy should align with your requirements, considering the specific applications and standards you need to meet. Range of Measurement: The humidity and temperature range the device can accurately calibrate. Stability: The device should maintain consistent performance without significant drift in readings over the period you intend to use it. Traceability: Ensure that the calibration reference calibration is traceable to national or international standards. Cost: The cost of the device should fit within your budget while meeting your technical requirements.
ISO/IEC 17025 is the principal standard adopted by calibration and testing laboratories. While adherence to ISO 17025 is not compulsory for all facilities, it is obligatory for those who are audited against this standard. If ISO 17025 is not a necessity, we strongly advise following good measurement practices to ensure the integrity of your calibrations.
PST offers a diverse portfolio that includes everything from unsaturated salt solutions and validators to state-of-the-art calibration chambers, as well as advanced chilled mirror hygrometers and dew point generators. Our rich experience and specialized knowledge have fostered strong relationships with leading National Measurement Institutions such as the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the US.
Rotronic data loggers are able to record several parameters simultaneously. These include relative humidity, temperature, ambient pressure, differential pressure and CO2
Nitrogen generation systems produce nitrogen gas from atmospheric air using methods like Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) or membrane separation. They are used in industrial processes, food packaging, electronics manufacturing, and medical applications. Our instrumentation features advanced sensors and controls for high purity, efficiency, safety, real-time monitoring, and predictive maintenance of a nitrogen generator.
PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) nitrogen generators produce nitrogen by separating it from other gases in compressed air. The air is passed through a sieve, typically a carbon molecular sieve (CMS), that adsorbs oxygen and other gases, allowing nitrogen to pass through. The process cycles between adsorption and desorption, ensuring a continuous supply of high-purity nitrogen.
PSA gas generation uses a molecular sieve to separate gases. For nitrogen, a Carbon Molecular Sieve is used, while for oxygen, a Zeolite Molecular Sieve is employed. The process involves alternating adsorption and desorption cycles to produce gases of desired purity.
Cryogenic gas generation involves cooling dry, clean compressed air to extremely low temperatures to separate nitrogen, oxygen, and argon through fractional distillation. Nitrogen liquefies at -196°C (-321°F), oxygen at -183°C (-297°F), and argon at -186°C (-302°F).
PSA technology can produce nitrogen with a purity between 95% and 99.99%, depending on the contact time within the sieve. Oxygen generated using PSA technology typically has around 95% purity, but 99% purity can be achieved with a second stage of purification.
Nitrogen generation is used in industries such as beverage, chemical and refineries, electronics, fire prevention systems, food, metal fabrication and processing, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, and steel. Applications include tank / vessel inerting, fire prevention, food packaging, brewing, electronics manufacture including semi conductor and pharmaceutical processing
Yes, the cryogenic separation process can produce trace gases such as argon, which is present in ambient air at 0.93%. With additional investment, argon can be generated as a by-product of nitrogen and oxygen separation.
An inerting system is designed to reduce the likelihood of fire or explosion by displacing oxygen in an environment with an inert gas, such as nitrogen. This process decreases the oxygen concentration to a level where combustion cannot occur.
Nitrogen is non-reactive, abundant, and cost-effective, making it ideal for displacing oxygen. Its inert properties ensure it doesn't react with the materials being protected.
An inerting system works by introducing nitrogen gas into the space that needs to be protected. This nitrogen displaces the oxygen, lowering its concentration to a safe level where combustion is not possible.
Inerting systems are used in various industries, including:
Oil and gas storage tanks
Chemical processing plants
Pharmaceutical reactors, mixers and centrifuges
Food and beverage packaging
Aerospace fuel tanks
Inerting systems, which use nitrogen gas to create an inert atmosphere, play a crucial role in enhancing safety, protecting product quality, and improving operational efficiency in various industrial applications.
Enhanced Safety: Reduces fire and explosion risks by displacing oxygen.
Improved Product Quality: Prevents oxidation, ensuring higher quality and longer shelf life.
Corrosion Prevention: Protects equipment from corrosion, reducing maintenance costs.
Cost Efficiency: More cost-effective than purchasing nitrogen gas cylinders.
Environmental Benefits: Reduces carbon footprint by eliminating transportation of nitrogen cylinders.
Operational Flexibility: Easily integrates into existing operations, accommodating varying production demands.
The effectiveness of an inerting system is measured by monitoring the oxygen concentration within the protected environment. Specialized sensors and analyzers are used to ensure the oxygen levels remain below the threshold required for combustion.
Oxygen is not used in inerting systems because it supports combustion. The goal of an inerting system is to reduce oxygen levels to prevent fires and explosions, which is why inert gases like nitrogen, carbon dioxide and argon are used.
Regular maintenance of inerting systems includes:
Checking and calibrating oxygen sensors and analyzers
Inspecting and servicing nitrogen supply lines and valves
Ensuring proper operation of control systems
Verifying the integrity of the protected space to prevent air leaks
The speed at which an inerting system can reduce oxygen levels depends on several factors, including the size of the space, the initial oxygen concentration, and the flow rate of nitrogen. Generally, it can take from a few minutes to several hours.
Common challenges include:
Ensuring a proper seal of the protected space to prevent air ingress
Maintaining accurate control of nitrogen flow and oxygen monitoring
Addressing potential leaks in nitrogen supply systems
Nitrogen can be supplied to inerting systems through various methods:
High-pressure cylinders
Liquid nitrogen tanks with vaporization systems
On-site nitrogen generation units
Cost considerations include:
Initial setup and equipment costs
Ongoing nitrogen supply expenses
Maintenance and calibration of sensors and control systems
Potential savings from increased safety and reduced fire/explosion risks
Safety of inerting system
Safety Integrity Level (SIL) is a methodology that assists in the operation and management of an inerting system by providing a structured and defined method to manage the liabilities and risks associated with system failures
The Axiom Infrared Gas Detector, developed by Process Sensing Technologies (PST), is an advanced leak detection device using non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology to accurately measure refrigerant gases and provide early warning indication of refrigerant leaks.
The detector uses an infrared source, a detector, and an optical filter. When exposed to refrigerant gases, the detector measures the absorbed infrared radiation to quantify the leak accurately.
The Axiom detector is certified to UL60335-2-40, supporting regulations aimed at reducing global warming potential by accurately detecting potential leaks from lower GWP refrigerants that are categorized as lightly combusitble (A2L). The UL 60335-2-40 safety standard includes specific requirements for control logic, testing, and certification of HVAC products using A2L refrigerants, ensuring safety measures are triggered if refrigerant leaks occur.
Yes, the Axiom is certified to UL 60335-2-40 Edition 4 and CSA 22.2 No. 60335-2-40 Edition 4, ensuring the highest safety and performance.
By enabling early detection and mitigation of refrigerant leaks, the Axiom detector helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promotes environmental sustainability.
The detector is suitable for HVAC, automotive, and industrial refrigeration applications, providing continuous monitoring and early leak detection in various systems.
The Axiom detector has a 15-year lifespan with no required field calibrations, offering cost-effective and hassle-free operation.
The Axiom detector offers high sensitivity and specificity, ensuring early leak detection, which minimizes environmental harm and enhances safety.
The sensor detects refrigerant gases such as R32, R454B, R454C, R290 (Propane), R1270 (Propylene), and R744 (Carbon Dioxide).
The accuracy is ±3% at the alarm point, ensuring reliable gas detection.
The sensors operate in temperatures from -100°C to 250°C (or up to 400°C for probe sensors) and offer rapid response times (<4 seconds in fast-response models).
Sensors like the Screwfit models offer threaded connections (M18x1.5 or 3/4” NPT) for easy installation in industrial setups.
Common uses for PST Zirconia Sensors include boiler combustion efficiency, emissions monitoring, additive manufacturing, and inert gas blanketing.
Yes, their rugged stainless steel construction and vibration resistance (5g repetitive, 30g incidental) make them ideal for aggressive conditions like boiler exhausts.
Zirconia sensors have a long operational life of up to 10 years due to their non-depleting technology, ensuring low maintenance costs for continuous oxygen measurement.
These sensors are designed for harsh environments like boiler combustion control, emissions monitoring, and air quality analysis, providing real-time oxygen readings for process optimization.
These sensors do not require reference gases and can be calibrated easily using fresh air or a known gas. This makes them cost-effective and simple to maintain in the field.
Yes, with vibration resistance up to 30g and a wide operating temperature range from -100°C to 400°C, these sensors are perfect for aggressive applications like high-temperature exhaust monitoring.
These sensors can measure oxygen concentrations from 0.1% to 100% O₂ (partial pressure 2mbar to 3bar).
In many applications, people need to recognise the presence or absence of liquids. The level switches from SST utilise the optical properties of liquids to determine whether a liquid is present or not. A wide range of process connections, materials, housing shapes, outputs and electrical connections are available to fulfil your requirements.
Humidity sensors measure the humidity or water content in the air or other environments. The most common types and how they work are listed below: Capacitive humidity sensor These sensors measure the change in capacitance between two electrodes when the relative humidity varies. Between the electrodes is a thin polymer film that reacts to moisture. These sensors are accurate and stable, making them the most commonly used type of sensor. Resistive humidity sensor These sensors measure the resistance between two electrodes. The resistance changes depending on the moisture content, which allows the moisture value to be determined. These sensors are cheaper but less accurate than capacitive humidity sensors. Dew point sensor These sensors determine the dew point at which moisture condenses out of the air. They can work in different ways, observing the condensation point or using optical measurement on a cooled mirror. The sensors are very expensive and are designed for applications requiring the highest accuracy of humidity measurements.
The capacitive humidity sensor consists of a hygroscopic dielectric material (polymer) sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, forming a small capacitor. Most capacitive sensors use a polymer as dielectric material with a typical dielectric constant of 2 to 15. The polymer used reacts with the water vapor particles in the room and a humidity value is generated by the evaluation electronics.
By definition, relative humidity is also a function of both ambient temperature and water vapor pressure. There is therefore a relationship between relative humidity, the amount of moisture present in the sensor, and the sensor capacity. This relationship is the basis for the operation of a capacitive humidity meter.
Polymer humidity sensors offer numerous advantages that make them a preferred choice for many applications. One of the biggest advantages is their high sensitivity, which enables precise humidity measurements. In addition, these types of sensors are characterized by a fast response time, so they can quickly react to changes in the environment. Another advantage is the wide measurement range in which these sensors can operate, from 0...100% relative humidity. Their long lifespan is also an important feature, especially when the sensors are used in temperate environments. In addition, polymer humidity sensors are inexpensive compared to dew point sensors, which makes them attractive for a wide range of applications. Another advantage is their high stability, which ensures reliable performance over long periods of time.
Despite their many advantages, polymer sensors also have some disadvantages that should be considered when selecting and using them. One major disadvantage is their sensitivity to environmental factors such as temperature fluctuations and chemical influences. These factors can affect the accuracy and lifespan of the sensor. Another problem is the possible drift caused by aging of the polymer, which results in a decrease in accuracy over time, necessitating regular calibration. In addition, polymer humidity sensors are susceptible to contamination by dust, dirt or chemical vapors, which can reduce their performance. In extreme environments, such as very high or very low humidity, the reliability of the sensor can also decrease. The response time can be longer under certain conditions, such as in very humid or contaminated environments. The temperature dependence of the sensors can also influence the measurement results, so that additional compensation measures may be necessary.
The performance of a polymer humidity sensor can be affected by various environmental conditions. Temperature fluctuations influence the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensor, as it is temperature-dependent and may require additional compensation. Chemical contaminants, such as corrosive gases or vapors, can attack the materials and degrade measurement performance. Dust and dirt on the sensor assembly result in reduced responsiveness and inaccurate readings. Very high humidity or condensing conditions can saturate the surface and cause malfunction or slower response time. Contamination by organic or inorganic substances, such as oils or chemical residues, can also alter the sensor properties and cause measurement drift. Finally, polymer aging during long-term use in difficult environments can gradually reduce accuracy.
Polymer sensors can be replaced, but the following points must be observed: Make sure that the replacement sensor is compatible with the existing hardware or electronics. After replacement, it is important to calibrate the new sensor to ensure accurate measurements and minimize deviations. Calibration ensures that the sensor delivers correct values. The replacement should be carried out under clean conditions and with care to avoid contamination or damage, avoiding direct contact with the sensitive elements as much as possible.
Industrial high-temperature humidity sensor HygroMer HT-1: The HT-1 sensor is the improved version of its predecessor, the industrial temperature humidity sensor IN-1. It can withstand higher temperatures of up to 190°C (IN-1 170°C) and a dew point of up to 90°Cdp and has a very high chemical resistance. Meteo & Outdoor Humidity sensor HygroMer HM1-SK: The HM1-SK is the first sensor from Rotronic to use an additional paint protection layer and new connection technology for applications with temporary high humidity and increased resistance to salt, fungicides, herbicides and pesticides. Chemical Sterilization Humidity sensor HygroMer HH1-SK: The HH1-SK is a sensor that was developed for applications with hydrogen peroxide. Due to its unique design, the sensor has a high resistance to conventional sensors that come into contact with hydrogen peroxide. Water activity humidity sensor HygroMer WA-1: This sensor was developed to accurately measure water activity and, due to its special design, requires very little space compared to other sensors.
Special polymer or paint coatings offer an effective way to protect polymer humidity sensors. A thin protective layer can prevent the penetration of moisture, gases and particles without affecting the sensor's functionality. These coatings are often hydrophobic and chemically resistant, allowing them to repel a variety of contaminants and thus protect the sensor in demanding environments. In addition to coatings, filters and membranes are an important protective measure. Microporous membranes can keep out dust and dirt while still providing adequate air permeability. Specialized filters, such as those made of PTFE, are chemically resistant and allow air to pass through, but protect the sensor from harmful particles. These protection methods, combined with the choice of a suitable enclosure or regular maintenance, ensure that the sensor's performance remains stable over a long period of time, even in environments with high levels of gases, dust or dirt.
For meteorological applications, capacitive humidity sensors and dew point hygrometers are the most commonly used due to their precision and reliability. Humidity sensors are often used in combination with temperature sensors in automated weather stations to provide accurate data.
Analog weather sensors are simpler and less expensive, but are more suitable for basic applications and require additional conversion units for digital processing. Digital weather sensors offer higher accuracy, stability and are easier to integrate into digital systems, making them suitable for more demanding applications in modern weather stations and IoT devices.
In meteorology, humidity, temperature and wet-bulb temperature are key measured variables. They help us to understand the behavior of the atmosphere and make forecasts. In particular, the wet-bulb temperature, together with humidity, provides valuable information on evaporation and the probability of precipitation, while temperature forms the basis for many other meteorological phenomena.
The WMO guidelines also cover specific measurement methods, such as: Wet-bulb temperature: this is measured under standardized conditions to ensure consistent data that is crucial for weather forecasting and health warnings (e.g. in the case of extreme temperatures). Relative humidity: the measurement of moisture in the air is carried out under standardized procedures that ensure that the values are comparable worldwide.
Meteorological data from sensors is first collected and transmitted via communication systems to data centers. There, it is checked for quality, cleaned up and converted into a uniform format using automatic and manual processes. The data is then integrated into numerical weather models that use physical laws to calculate forecasts. Meteorologists analyze and compare the model outputs with current observations to validate and adjust the forecasts. Finally, the interpreted results are used for weather reports and climate analysis.
The daily weather forecast relies on the precise measurement of weather parameters. The science of numerical weather prediction aims to describe the daily water cycle in numbers – humidity plays an important role here – and data errors will multiply in the calculations. Humidity and temperature values influence weather calculations, for example, through the water vapor balance equation – this formula expresses the influence of humidity through rain and condensation, and vice versa. Incorrect or incomplete humidity data directly leads to inaccurate forecasts of a variety of weather phenomena, including the condensation height of clouds, the location of wetlands, fog layers and storms.
The latest development from Rotronic is the HycoClip HC2A-S3A, protected with an additional protective coating and with new connection technology, especially suitable for use in high humidity areas and offshore applications. With the additional protective coating, this probe is also suitable for applications in agriculture with fungicides, pesticides and herbicides.
Any weather monitoring equipment used at sea must, by definition, be robust enough to withstand the harshest conditions. This includes extreme temperatures, stormy winds, snow, ice and salt spray. At the same time, however, these devices must also be sensitive enough to detect slight changes in temperature or humidity, provide reliable and consistent measurements over long periods of time, and be small and light enough to fit easily into a compact weather station.
Dual-gas sensors are ideal for monitoring methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in biogas production processes, including anaerobic digestion, landfill gas recovery, and composting facilities. They ensure efficient energy recovery, compliance with safety regulations, and environmental monitoring.
Methane is the primary energy carrier in biogas, while CO₂ dilutes its energy value. Monitoring these gases helps optimize energy production, reduce emissions, improve process efficiency, and ensure compliance with environmental and safety regulations.
NDIR technology measures gas concentrations by detecting the absorption of infrared light at specific wavelengths unique to each gas. It provides precise, real-time measurements for methane and carbon dioxide, making it ideal for biogas applications.
Our dual-gas sensors measure methane from 0 to 100% volume with a resolution of 0.01 % for 0-5% methane and 0.1% for 5-100% volume.
Multiple gas ranges enable the accurate detection of 0-100% vol. methane, 0-2% vol. propane and 0-100% vol. carbon dioxide with one sensor.
These sensors measure carbon dioxide from 0 to 5% volume with a resolution of 0.01 % and 0.1% for 5-100% volume. It also measures methane concentrations from 0 to 100% volume and carbon dioxide from 0 to 100% volume, offering flexibility for various biogas monitoring needs.
Yes, our sensors are robustly designed with Industrial Ex d IIC Certification and Mining M1 Certification. SIL1 certification is available for all variants. They feature enhanced electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) protection and are built to withstand challenging conditions.
Yes, our sensors come with a USB-powered Premier Configuration Unit that allows you to customize sensor parameters and perform firmware updates, making them adaptable to specific monitoring requirements.
By accurately monitoring methane and CO2 emissions, dual-gas sensors help operators meet regulatory standards, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and support sustainable energy practices.
Yes, our dual-gas sensors are designed with low power consumption, making them suitable for portable and battery-powered devices.
Absolutely. Our sensors are compatible with a wide range of monitoring systems, ensuring seamless integration into existing setups.
Humidity levels affect materials of all kinds, as well as the health and well-being of individuals. Humidity measurement is important in production processes throughout industry, in the packaging and storage of products; it is crucial for ensuring product quality. In the highly regulated pharmaceutical and food industries, it is a key requirement and must be fully documented. In museums and galleries, humidity must be controlled to protect artifacts. Meteorological reports necessarily include the measurement of humidity as well as temperature and other parameters. It is vitally important to measure temperature along with humidity because a small temperature variation has a large effect.
To measure relative humidity (RH) accurately, it is essential to measure temperature accurately and take air pressure into account. Relative humidity is highly dependent on temperature because warm air can hold more moisture than cold air, which is why humidity sensors are often combined with temperature sensors. In addition, air pressure affects the moisture capacity of the air: higher pressure increases the saturation limit, while low pressure decreases it. In applications where pressure varies (e.g. at high altitudes), humidity measurements must be corrected accordingly to ensure accurate results.
The accuracy of humidity meters depends to a large extent on the installation location. The location should be chosen so that there are no local sources of interference such as radiators, air conditioners, humidity generators or open water surfaces nearby, as these can falsify temperature and humidity conditions. Direct sunlight or poor ventilation also lead to inaccurate results. A neutral, representative location with stable ambient conditions is crucial to ensure precise measurements. The accuracy of humidity meters is influenced by various factors. One of the most important is temperature, since relative humidity is temperature-dependent and inaccuracies or fluctuations in temperature measurement can falsify the results. The aging of sensors also plays a role: Over time, contamination, chemical influences or material fatigue can affect accuracy. Environmental conditions such as condensation, dust or extreme humidity can also disrupt the sensor or reduce its precision. Regular calibration is essential, as missing adjustments lead to deviations from the actual humidity value. Fluctuating air pressure, such as at high altitudes, affects the calculation of relative humidity if it is not taken into account. Electronic interference such as electromagnetic interference or unstable power supply can also distort the results. In addition, slow sensor response time to changing conditions can lead to inaccurate or delayed readings.
A good humidity and temperature probe is characterized by high accuracy, stability and reliability. Ideally, it offers a humidity accuracy of ±1–2 % RH and a temperature accuracy of ±0.1 °C to ensure precise measurements. It should be able to cover a wide measurement range, for example 0–100% RH for humidity and -50°C to 100/200°C for temperature. A long lifespan and minimal drift, such as < 1% RH per year, ensure stable readings over time. A high-quality sensor responds quickly to fluctuations, with short response times of less than 15 seconds. It is also important to have integrated temperature compensation to minimize errors caused by temperature fluctuations. Robust construction with protection against condensation, dust and chemicals, or special coatings, increases durability. Its compact design allows for use in confined spaces, while easy calibration and low energy consumption improve maintenance and efficiency. Modern sensors also offer interfaces such as Modbus RTU for easy integration into control or monitoring systems. Overall, a good humidity and temperature sensor should offer an optimal price-performance ratio and be tailored to the specific requirements of the application.
The sensor technology of the HC2A generation has a high long-term stability and all probes are adjusted before delivery ex works. The long-term stability is better than 1% RH per year. Depending on the application, it is recommended to calibrate the probe every 6 to 12 months. Calibration or adjustment can be carried out using the HygroSoft software or the devices of the HC2(A) generation (hand-held meters, transmitters, data loggers). Depending on the application, we recommend recalibration after one year of use. We offer a calibration and adjustment service, but you can also do it yourself on site using the Rotronic SCS humidity standards or our HG2-S humidity generators.
Rotronic is one of the world's leading manufacturers of humidity sensors, with over 40 years' experience in developing high-precision measuring equipment. Rotronic sensors offer exceptional accuracy, durability and reliability, even under extreme conditions. Thanks to innovative technology and high-quality materials, the humidity sensors are particularly resistant to variations in temperature and humidity, as well as to chemical influences. This makes them ideal for demanding applications in fields such as industry, meteorology and pharmaceuticals. Continuous research and development and strict quality controls ensure that Rotronic sensors always meet the highest standards and deliver long-lasting performance.
Rotronic HygroClips are highly accurate humidity and temperature probes based on capacitive humidity sensing. A hygroscopic film between two electrodes absorbs moisture from the air, which changes the capacitance, which is then measured and converted into humidity values. The integrated temperature sensor measures the air temperature, which is required to calculate the relative humidity accurately. The digital signals are processed and forwarded to systems via interfaces such as Modbus or I²C. The HC2-A-S is characterized by high accuracy, resistance to extreme conditions and a long service life, making it ideal for demanding applications in industry and research.
Rotronic has created several help documents to assist in finding the right product for your application. The following documents are available: Right Humidity Probe Critical for your application Right Humidity Probe Industrial Applications Choose Humidity Transmitter
GxP stands for "Good Practice" guidelines and regulations that apply to various fields such as manufacturing (GMP), laboratory (GLP), and clinical (GCP) settings. Environmental monitoring is crucial in these environments to ensure product safety, integrity, and efficacy. It helps prevent contamination, ensure consistent quality, and maintain compliance with regulatory standards.
Failure to implement environmental monitoring can lead to:
COVID-19 Vaccine Storage Issues (2020-2021) Case: During the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, temperature control became a critical issue, particularly for mRNA vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, which required ultra-cold storage conditions. Several incidents were reported where improper storage temperatures led to vaccine doses being deemed unusable. In one instance, in Wisconsin, hundreds of doses of the Moderna vaccine had to be discarded after they were “stored” at too high a temperature. Impact: Loss of valuable vaccine doses during a critical period, delays in vaccine distribution, and increased costs. Link Insulin Storage and Transportation Failures (Multiple Incidents) Case: Insulin, a temperature-sensitive drug, has been involved in several incidents where improper storage or transportation conditions led to degradation. For example, a study found that up to 93% of insulin deliveries experienced temperature excursions, with some instances leading to compromised efficacy. Impact: Compromised efficacy of insulin, potential harm to patients relying on the drug, product recalls, and significant financial losses. Link Humidity Control Failures in Pharmaceutical Production (2018) Case: A major pharmaceutical manufacturer faced significant challenges due to humidity control issues in their production facility. In 2018, the FDA issued a warning to a pharmaceutical company after it was found that high humidity levels in their manufacturing area led to the degradation of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in one of their drugs. This issue resulted in the contamination of batches and a subsequent product recall. Impact: Product recalls, financial losses, regulatory scrutiny, and potential risks to patient safety due to compromised drug quality. Link These cases highlight the critical importance of maintaining proper temperature and humidity controls in environments where sensitive pharmaceutical products are handled, stored, or manufactured.
Companies can prevent these issues by:
Regulatory bodies like the FDA, EMA, and WHO have stringent guidelines on environmental monitoring in GxP-regulated environments. These guidelines typically require:
The OXY-Flex Oxygen Analyzer is a high-accuracy device designed to measure oxygen concentrations in air or inert gas mixtures, particularly in closed systems such as burners, boilers ovens, flues, and containers. It is ideal for high-temperature environments and industrial applications.
The OXY FLEX employs a zirconium dioxide sensor that does not require a reference gas.
The sensor is a long life Zirconium sensor with minimal drift characteristics after burn-in. The unit includes automatic or manual calibration options.
The device outputs both raw and averaged oxygen values for stable or dynamic measurements.
Yes, the factory default ranges are 0-25% O₂ or 0-100% O₂, but they can be adjusted via RS232. For example, in a fresh air environment (20-21% O₂), the range can be customized to 19-22% O₂ for higher sensitivity.
The OXY-FLEX Probe Series is ideal for applications such as combustion control of industrial boilers (burning oil, gas, coal, or biomass), excess air monitoring, bakery ovens, composting probes, and duct monitoring systems.
The transmitter comes with an IP66 certified enclosure, available in either aluminum or stainless steel, ensuring durability and protection in various industrial environments. It is also CE, UKCA, and ISO9001 certified.
Yes, the OXY-FLEX Series is suitable for monitoring oxygen levels in bakery ovens, helping control moisture levels at high temperatures to ensure product quality.
No, the OXY-FLEX Series employs a zirconium dioxide sensing technology that does not require a reference gas, simplifying installation and operation.
The OXY-FLEX Transmitter Series offers probe lengths of 200mm, 400mm, and 600mm, providing flexibility to suit different installation requirements.
An oxygen analyzer measures the oxygen concentration in flue gases during combustion. This data allows operators to adjust the air-to-fuel ratio, ensuring optimal combustion efficiency. Improper oxygen levels prevent incomplete combustion, which can lead to increased emissions and fuel wastage.
Yes, the OXY-Flex is designed to operate in gas temperatures ranging from -100°C (-148°F) to +400°C (752°F), making it suitable for various industrial applications, including boiler exhaust flues.
Dynament Infrared Platinum Sensors are used for the detection of refrigerant gases to ensure safe and efficient operation in various industries, including HVAC/R systems, refrigerated warehousing, and industrial refrigeration.
These sensors utilize advanced platinum non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology, ensuring exceptional precision, sensitivity, and reliability in measuring refrigerant gases.
They use NDIR technology to detect and measure the presence of refrigerant gases, providing early warnings for the presence of flammable gases and enabling prompt action to prevent potential hazards.
The sensors can detect a wide range of refrigerants including R32, R454B, R454C, R290, R744, R134a, R22, R410a, and R404a.
The advanced sensing elements and signal processing algorithms in these sensors enhance their accuracy and sensitivity, thereby minimizing false alarms and ensuring precise measurements.
Fast response times enable real-time detection of refrigerant gases, allowing prompt intervention in the event of leaks or abnormal conditions, which helps prevent equipment damage and potential safety hazards.
Long-term stability ensures consistent performance over extended periods, reducing maintenance requirements and enhancing the overall lifespan of the sensors.
The sensors have successfully passed all performance tests conducted in an independent study by AHRTI, with full results available in the published report, "Refrigerant Detector Characteristics for Use in HVACR Equipment," March 2020.
The sensors measure refrigerant gases in the LFL range with a resolution of 0.05% (500 ppm), ensuring high precision in gas detection.
Dynament Sensors are designed with enhanced EMC protection and fail-safe operation features, ensuring reliable performance even in challenging environments.
By detecting refrigerant gas leaks early on, these sensors help minimize the environmental impact of refrigerant gas emissions and promote safer operations.
By providing early warnings for the presence of flammable gases, activating fans to disperse gas, and shutting down compressors to prevent explosive levels, ensuring worker safety and reducing downtime.
No, it boasts a 15-year lifetime with no calibration requirement.
Detailed technical specifications and instructions are available in the user manual.
The detector has an expected lifetime of 15 years.
The sensors come with a comprehensive 5-year warranty, providing added peace of mind and assurance of their long-term reliability.
Industries such as HVAC/R systems, refrigerated warehousing, and industrial refrigeration benefit from these sensors for safety, environmental impact prevention, and process optimization.
This USB-powered unit allows users to calibrate and re-configure the sensor parameters, with PC software that includes a data logging feature.
These sensors provide unparalleled accuracy, reliability, and efficiency in detecting refrigerant gases, ensuring safer operations and minimizing the environmental impact of refrigerant gas emissions.
The sensors are designed for easy integration, with compact size, plug-and-play functionality, and onboard firmware that includes temperature compensation, linearisation, and calibration.
A galvanic oxygen sensor is a device used to measure the concentration of oxygen in a gas mixture. It is commonly used in diving equipment to ensure the safety and well-being of divers by monitoring oxygen levels.
They are crucial for monitoring the oxygen concentration in rebreathers, ensuring divers receive the correct amount of oxygen. Accurate and reliable sensors are essential to avoid health risks and ensure the proper functioning of life-sustaining equipment.
Diving O2 sensors are used to monitor the oxygen concentration within diving rebreathers, ensuring that divers receive the correct amount of oxygen while underwater.
The core mechanism involves oxygen diffusing through a sensing membrane to the cathode, where it undergoes a reduction reaction. The resulting flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode generates a current proportional to the oxygen concentration.
Due to the extreme pressures and challenging conditions underwater, stable and accurate sensors are essential to prevent equipment malfunction, which could jeopardize a diver's life.
Their ability to produce a current that is proportional and linear to the partial pressure of oxygen in the sample gas simplifies the interpretation of oxygen levels, making them highly reliable for diving applications.
Quality control includes testing output in air, linearity to 100% O2, output at 100% O2, stability at 100% O2, extensive leak tests, and pressure pot testing at elevated pressures to simulate actual conditions.
PST offers a 12-month warranty on their diving O2 sensors, ensuring reliability and peace of mind for users.
PST's diving O2 sensors can replace those in IT Gambert, Maxtec, Teledyne, and Vandagraph equipment, making them versatile for various diving systems. The sensors are compatible with various diving equipment, including rebreathers, Nitrox and helium oxygen analyzers, and CO analyzers.
Quality control testing includes: Output testing in air and at 100% O2, Linearity testing to 100% O2, Stability testing at 100% O2, Leak tests to confirm seal integrity, Pressure pot testing at elevated pressures to simulate actual diving conditions
Dew point is the temperature at which water condensation forms in a cooling gas or another definition is the temperature at which a gas becomes saturated with water.
Dew-point transmitters are used in many compressed gas treatment and contained environment applications, to monitor moisture contamination.
Both are capacitance sensors but utilize different materials. The polymer sensor has a faster response and operates best at dew points >-50 °C. The ceramic metal-oxide sensors can respond down to -120 °C dew point and can operate in a larger range of background gases.
The Easidew I.S. and the Easidew PRO I.S. are intrinsically safe so, once installed with an electrical barrier, can be used in hazardous areas.
Yes, the sensors should be calibrated on a regular basis to ensure consistent quality and operational efficiency. An alternative option is our sensor exchange program. A newly calibrated, refurbished transmitter is swapped with your existing one, which is then shipped back to our factory. The advantage of this is that there is no measurement downtime compared to shipping sensors off for recalibration.
To help identification of the process connection on shipped sensors, the sensor cover color corresponds to the type of thread of the process connection:
Black | G 1/2" BSP |
Green | 3/4" UNF |
Blue | 5/8" UNF |
Yes. With the sensor exchange program, downtime during replacements is avoided.
Portable hygrometers are used to spot check dew point measurements in many compressed gas treatment and contained environment applications, to monitor and log moisture contamination.
Dew point is the temperature to which you need to cool a gas for condensation to occur.
The MDM300 IS is designed as intrinsically safe so can be used in a hazardous area.
Moisture measurement in refrigeration and desiccant dryers
Monitoring moisture levels in nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen gas generators
Preventing moisture-related failures in railway pneumatics
Monitoring moisture in inert gas blanketing
Monitoring moisture in additive manufacturing
Section 5 of the manual covers the Application Software, where it is and how to use it. The software is available as a download on the MDM300 products page under downloads. Test data is saved on the device's internal memory until you access it via Bluetooth; you can then download that as a text file to a location of your choosing.
The Bluetooth dongle is a separate USB device that plugs into your PC. This allows you to connect to your MDM300 if your computer doesn’t come with Bluetooth already built in.
MDM300: up to 48 hours
MDM300 IS: up to 24 hours
Easidew PDP Portable: 2 working days, or 16 hours
The meters should be calibrated on a regular basis to ensure consistent quality and operational efficiency.
An alternative option is our sensor exchange program. A newly calibrated, refurbished meter is swapped with your existing one, which is then shipped back to our factory. The advantage of this is that there is no measurement downtime compared to shipping sensors off for recalibration.
Dew point is the temperature to which you need to cool a gas for condensation to occur. If the condensate is liquid, we call it dew point, if the condensate is solid it’s frost point.
Chilled mirrors are a fundamental method of moisture measurement.
The sample gas is passed over the mirrored surface which is constantly cooled until the optics module ‘sees’ condensation. This is achieved by shining a laser on the mirror and detecting the intensity of light reflected by the surface.
The temperature of the mirror at that point is a direct measurement of dew point.
They are used in calibration labs, environmental control for research, automotive emissions testing, and metallurgical processes.
No, none of our chilled mirrors are designed for use in hazardous areas due to heating/cooling element in the sensors.
That really depends on the application. In general, a higher risk of contamination means the mirror should be cleaned more often. A good rule of thumb is to give the mirror a quick clean every time you set up a new test.
The first troubleshooting step with chilled mirror products is to run the DCC cycle, if that doesn’t resolve the issue, we recommend cleaning the mirror following the procedure detailed in the manuals.
With the addition of a PRT to measure the sample (or environment) temperature, chilled mirrors can also measure the relative humidity. The S8000 Remote and the Optidew are supplied with an external PRT, for the other S8000’s the PRT must be purchased separately.
Annual calibration is recommended for optimal accuracy and performance.
Expressed as a percentage, relative humidity is the ratio of the water vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure of the gas.
In simple terms relative humidity is the ratio of how much water vapor there is in the air compared to how much there could be before condensation occurs.
Calibration systems typically include humidity generators, chilled mirror reference hygrometers, and optional compressors or dryers for low dew-point calibrations.
The test chambers are designed to fit most probes and transmitters and there is the option for customizable probe sleeves.
Yes, all our calibration chambers have the option to program calibration cycles.
Both the HygroGen2 and HygroCal100 Advanced come with a relative humidity probe which doubles as a control element and a reference.
Ideally the reference should be more accurate than the instruments under test, this is where our chilled mirrors come in. All our calibration chambers can be used with a chilled mirror reference.Yes, our HG2-S calibration chamber is very often used for on-site humidity and temperature calibrations.
Process Sensing Technologies (PST) offers ISO/IEC 17025 accredited calibration services at several locations.
Dew point is the temperature to which you need to cool a gas for condensation to occur.
There is an option for customisable fittings, for large volume calibrations, the transmitter manifolds can be designed specifically for your connection type.
Ideally your dew point transmitters should be calibrated against a chilled mirror which has its own calibration traceable to national standards.
The DCS systems come with a chilled mirror reference as standard.The temperature water condensation forms in a cooling gas or another definition is the temperature a gas becomes saturated with water.
Process moisture analyzers are designed to measure moisture in natural gas, petrochemical gases, and other inert or flammable gases.
The TDL600 is supplied with a sampling system whilst the other units can be supplied on their own or with a sampling system. Sampling systems can be modified to meet your requirements and designed to be suitable for your application.
Yes, models like the Promet EExd are explosion-proof and intrinsically safe for use in hazardous environments. Check the relevant product pages on the website for specific product details.
FATs are an option for all our analyzers and, within limits, can be adjusted to meet your requirements.
Yes, all the analyzers have Modbus RTU or TCP (occasionally both) so the moisture content can be monitored remotely, and certain settings can be adjusted. Please see the manuals for further details.
If unsure on the suitability of your application, please contact us and you will be put in touch with your local sales representative or distributor- Contact Us | Our Offices (processsensing.com)
For certain analyzers there is the option to take advantage of our sensor exchange program, minimizing downtime during routine maintenance.
The hydrocarbon dew point (HCdp) is the temperature the hydrocarbon constituents of a gas start to condensate into liquid phase. Like water dew point, this is a pressure-dependent measurement.
Measuring hydrocarbon dew point helps prevent damage to gas pipelines from liquid hydrocarbons or methane hydrates that can condense at low temperatures.
Hydrocarbon dew-point anaylzers are used in natural gas processing and transmission to ensure compliance with custody transfer agreements and avoid disputes.
Yes, the Condumax II can be fitted with a ceramic metal-oxide sensor to also measure the water dew-point. The water dew-point sensor is supplied with its own Calibration Certificate, providing direct traceability to both UK (NPL) and US (NIST) Humidity Standards.
An integral high-definition camera allows the capture of timestamped still and video imaging of the mirror surface. Via a highly intuitive interface, the user observes the formation of condensation on the cooled-mirror surface. During each measurement cycle, the instrument provides a clear image of the mirror surface which, in combination with optimized optical illumination techniques, enables the operator to distinguish between water and HC precipitation to perform both dew-point measurements.
The sensor cell should be changed every two years, primarily for preventative maintenance as the cooling capacity of the thermo-electric heat pump may reduce over the operational lifetime. The cell assembly also incorporates other parts that are critical to measurement operations (optical surface, light source, photodetector, temperature sensor), so it should be changed/refurbished regularly. The two-year recommendation is the operational time of the sensor cell so it can be stocked prior to use.
If you’re unsure about the suitability of your application, please contact us and you will be put in touch with your local sales representative or distributor.
The analyzers measure the moisture content in ppmW.
These analyzers measure moisture in non-polar liquids like naphtha, diesel, and aviation fuels.
Yes, they are certified for hazardous areas by IECEx, ATEX, UKEX, and other global standards.
To accurately measure the moisture content, saturation constants need to be available for each hydrocarbon in the composition. Each hydrocarbon has unique saturation constants that stipulate how much moisture it can dissolve at a certain temperature. The ppmW result is calculated from the sensor reading and these constants so using the incorrect constants or not having constants will create an incorrect measurement. To check if a measurement is possible in your hydrocarbon liquid, please contact us and you will be put in touch with your local sales representative or distributor.
Yes, the sensors should be calibrated on a regular basis to ensure consistent quality and operational efficiency.
An alternative option is our sensor exchange program. A newly calibrated, refurbished transmitter is swapped with your existing one, which is then shipped back to our factory. The advantage of this is that there is no measurement downtime compared to shipping sensors off for recalibration.Due to the range of the saturation constants, the sample must be between 0 and 50°C when it reaches the sensor. Sampling systems including cooling/heating coils can be designed to guarantee the sample temperature falls within this range.
The sensor exchange program allows for reduced downtime during maintenance.
Contact our experienced engineers to discuss your application needs.